{"id":1200,"date":"2024-01-28T16:24:43","date_gmt":"2024-01-28T16:24:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/?p=1200"},"modified":"2024-01-28T18:31:15","modified_gmt":"2024-01-28T18:31:15","slug":"is-the-ideology-gap-growing","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2024\/01\/28\/is-the-ideology-gap-growing\/","title":{"rendered":"Is the Ideology Gap Growing?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/jburnmurdoch\/status\/1750849189834022932\">This tweet<\/a> from John Burn-Murdoch links to an article in the Financial Times (FT), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/29fd9b5c-2f35-41bf-9d4c-994db4e12998\">\u201cA new global gender divide is emerging\u201d<\/a>, which includes this figure:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/github.com\/AllenDowney\/ProbablyOverthinkingIt\/blob\/book\/data\/ft_ideology_gap.png?raw=true\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The article claims:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>In the US, Gallup data shows that after decades where the sexes were each spread roughly equally across liberal and conservative world views, women aged 18 to 30 are now 30 percentage points more liberal than their male contemporaries. That gap took just six years to open up.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>The figure says it is based on General Social Survey data and the text says it\u2019s based on Gallup data, so I\u2019m not sure which it is. UPDATE: In <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/jburnmurdoch\/status\/1751656332380262418\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">this tweet<\/a> Burn-Murdoch explains that the figure shows Gallup data, backfilled with GSS data from before the Gallup series began.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>And I don\u2019t know what it means that \u201cAll figures are adjusted for time trend in the overall population\u201d. UPDATE: In <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/jburnmurdoch\/status\/1751569229516550403\">this tweet<\/a>, Burn-Murdoch explains that the adjustment mentioned in the figure is to subtract off the overall trend. In the <a href=\"https:\/\/colab.research.google.com\/github\/AllenDowney\/ProbablyOverthinkingIt\/blob\/book\/examples\/ideology_gap.ipynb\">notebook for this article<\/a>, I apply the same adjustment, but it does not change my conclusions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Anyway, since I used GSS data in several places in  <a href=\"https:\/\/greenteapress.com\/wp\/probably-overthinking-it\/\"><em>Probably Overthinking It<\/em><\/a>, this analysis did not sound right to me. So I tried to replicate the analysis with GSS data. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I conclude:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The GSS data does not look like the figure in the FT.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Women are a more likely to say that they are liberal, by 5-10 percentage points.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The only evidence that the gap is growing depends entirely on a data point from 2022 that is probably an error.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>If we drop the 2022 data and apply moderate smoothing, we see no evidence that the gap is growing.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Most of the functions in this notebook are the ones I used to write <em>Probably Overthinking It<\/em>. All of <a href=\"https:\/\/allendowney.github.io\/ProbablyOverthinkingIt\/intro.html\">the notebooks for that book are available in this repository<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/colab.research.google.com\/github\/AllenDowney\/ProbablyOverthinkingIt\/blob\/book\/examples\/ideology_gap.ipynb\">Click here to run this notebook on Colab<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">GSS Data<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>I\u2019m using data from the General Social Survey (GSS), which I previous cleaned in <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/AllenDowney\/GssExtract\/blob\/main\/notebooks\/01_make_pacs_extract.ipynb\">this notebook<\/a>. The primary variable we\u2019ll use is <a href=\"https:\/\/subsetdataexplorer.norc.org\/variables\/178\/vshow\">polviews<\/a>, which asks:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>We hear a lot of talk these days about liberals and conservatives. I\u2019m going to show you a seven-point scale on which the political views that people might hold are arranged from extremely liberal\u2013point 1\u2013to extremely conservative\u2013point 7. Where would you place yourself on this scale?<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>The points on the scale are Extremely liberal, Liberal, and Slightly liberal; Moderate; Slightly conservative, Conservative, and Extremely conservative.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I\u2019ll lump the first three points into \u201cLiberal\u201d and the last three into \u201cConservative\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">All respondents<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The following figure shows the percentage who says they are liberal minus the percentage who say they are conservative, grouped by sex. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/ideology_gap1-1024x768.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1201\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/ideology_gap1-1024x768.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/ideology_gap1-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/ideology_gap1-768x576.png 768w, https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/ideology_gap1-1536x1152.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/ideology_gap1-360x270.png 360w, https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/ideology_gap1.png 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>In the general population, women are more likely to say they are liberal by 5-10 percentage points. The gap might have increased in the most recent data, depending on how seriously we take the last two points in a noisy series.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Just young people<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Now let\u2019s select people under 30. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/ideology_gap2-1024x768.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1202\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/ideology_gap2-1024x768.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/ideology_gap2-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/ideology_gap2-768x576.png 768w, https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/ideology_gap2-1536x1152.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/ideology_gap2-360x270.png 360w, https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/ideology_gap2.png 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The trends here are pretty much the same as in the general population. Women are more likely to say they are liberal by 5-10 percentage points.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It\u2019s possible that the gap has grown in the most recent data, but the evidence is weak and depends on how we draw a smooth curve through noisy data.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Anyway, there is no evidence the trend for men is going down &#8212; as in the FT graph &#8212; and the gap in the most recent data is nowhere near 30 percentage points.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">With Sampling Weights<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In the previous figures, I did not take into account the sampling weights, partly to keep the analysis simple and partly because I didn\u2019t expect them to make much difference. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>And I was mostly right, except for men in 2022 \u2013 and as we\u2019ll see, there is almost certainly something wrong with that data point.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In this figure, the shaded area is the 90% CI of 101 weighted resamplings, the line is the median of the resamplings, and the points show the unweighted data. We only have weighted data since 1988, since that\u2019s how far back the <code>wtssps<\/code> variable goes. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/ideology_gap3-1024x768.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1203\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/ideology_gap3-1024x768.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/ideology_gap3-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/ideology_gap3-768x576.png 768w, https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/ideology_gap3-1536x1152.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/ideology_gap3-360x270.png 360w, https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/ideology_gap3.png 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>In most cases, the unweighted data falls in the CI of the weighted data, but for male respondents in 2022, the weighting moves the needle by almost 30 percentage points.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>So something is not right there. I think the best option is to drop the 2022 data, but just for completeness, let\u2019s see what happens if we apply some smoothing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Resampling and smoothing<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Here\u2019s a version of the same plot with moderate smoothing, dropping the unweighted data.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/ideology_gap4-1024x768.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1205\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/ideology_gap4-1024x768.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/ideology_gap4-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/ideology_gap4-768x576.png 768w, https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/ideology_gap4-1536x1152.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/ideology_gap4-360x270.png 360w, https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/ideology_gap4.png 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>You could argue that this figure shows evidence for an increasing gap, but the error bounds are very wide, and as we\u2019ll see in the next figure, the entire effect is due to the likely error in the 2022 data.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Resampling and smoothing without 2022<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Finally, here\u2019s the analysis I think is the best choice, dropping the 2022 data for both men and women. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/ideology_gap5-1024x768.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1206\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/ideology_gap5-1024x768.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/ideology_gap5-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/ideology_gap5-768x576.png 768w, https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/ideology_gap5-1536x1152.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/ideology_gap5-360x270.png 360w, https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/ideology_gap5.png 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>In summary:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Since the 1990s, both men and women have become more likely to identify as liberal.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Women are more likely to identify as liberal by 5-10 percentage points.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>There is no evidence that the ideology gap is growing.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This tweet from John Burn-Murdoch links to an article in the Financial Times (FT), \u201cA new global gender divide is emerging\u201d, which includes this figure: The article claims: In the US, Gallup data shows that after decades where the sexes were each spread roughly equally across liberal and conservative world views, women aged 18 to 30 are now 30 percentage points more liberal than their male contemporaries. That gap took just six years to open up. The figure says it&#8230;<\/p>\n<p class=\"read-more\"><a class=\"btn btn-default\" href=\"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2024\/01\/28\/is-the-ideology-gap-growing\/\"> Read More<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">  Read More<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1200","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Is the Ideology Gap Growing? - Probably Overthinking It<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2024\/01\/28\/is-the-ideology-gap-growing\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Is the Ideology Gap Growing? - Probably Overthinking It\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"This tweet from John Burn-Murdoch links to an article in the Financial Times (FT), \u201cA new global gender divide is emerging\u201d, which includes this figure: The article claims: In the US, Gallup data shows that after decades where the sexes were each spread roughly equally across liberal and conservative world views, women aged 18 to 30 are now 30 percentage points more liberal than their male contemporaries. 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- Probably Overthinking It","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2024\/01\/28\/is-the-ideology-gap-growing\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Is the Ideology Gap Growing? - Probably Overthinking It","og_description":"This tweet from John Burn-Murdoch links to an article in the Financial Times (FT), \u201cA new global gender divide is emerging\u201d, which includes this figure: The article claims: In the US, Gallup data shows that after decades where the sexes were each spread roughly equally across liberal and conservative world views, women aged 18 to 30 are now 30 percentage points more liberal than their male contemporaries. That gap took just six years to open up. The figure says it... 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