{"id":1344,"date":"2024-07-25T15:50:38","date_gmt":"2024-07-25T15:50:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/?p=1344"},"modified":"2024-07-25T15:50:38","modified_gmt":"2024-07-25T15:50:38","slug":"wheres-my-train","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2024\/07\/25\/wheres-my-train\/","title":{"rendered":"Where&#8217;s My Train?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Yesterday I presented a webinar for PyMC Labs where I solved one of the exercises from <em><a href=\"https:\/\/allendowney.github.io\/ThinkBayes2\/\">Think Bayes<\/a><\/em>, called &#8220;The Red Line Problem&#8221;. Here&#8217;s the scenario:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>The Red Line is a subway that connects Cambridge and Boston, Massachusetts. When I was working in Cambridge I took the Red Line from Kendall Square to South Station and caught the commuter rail to Needham. During rush hour Red Line trains run every 7-8 minutes, on average.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>When I arrived at the subway stop, I could estimate the time until the next train based on the number of passengers on the platform. If there were only a few people, I inferred that I just missed a train and expected to wait about 7 minutes. If there were more passengers, I expected the train to arrive sooner. But if there were a large number of passengers, I suspected that trains were not running on schedule, so I expected to wait a long time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>While I was waiting, I thought about how Bayesian inference could help predict my wait time and decide when I should give up and take a taxi.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>I used this exercise to demonstrate a process for developing and testing Bayesian models in PyMC. The solution uses some common PyMC features, like the Normal, Gamma, and Poisson distributions, and some less common features, like the Interpolated and StudentT distributions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The video is on YouTube now:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/5naJMA561GI?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=en-US&#038;autohide=2&#038;wmode=transparent\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/tinyurl.com\/pymc24train\">The slides are here.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This talk will be remembered for the first public appearance of the soon-to-be-famous &#8220;Banana of Ignorance&#8221;. In general, when the data we have are unable to distinguish between competing explanations, that uncertainty is reflected in the joint distribution of the parameters. In this example, if we see more people waiting than expected, there are two explanation: a higher-than-average arrival rate or a longer-than-average elapsed time since the last train. If we make a contour plot of the joint posterior distribution of these parameters, it looks like this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"442\" height=\"255\" src=\"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/image-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1349\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/image-1.png 442w, https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/image-1-300x173.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 442px) 100vw, 442px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The elongated shape of the contour indicates that either explanation is sufficient: if the arrival rate is high, elapsed time can be normal, and if the elapsed time is high, the arrival rate can be normal. Because this shape indicates that we don&#8217;t know which explanation is correct, I have dubbed it &#8220;The Banana of Ignorance&#8221;:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"567\" src=\"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/image-2-1024x567.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1350\" style=\"width:472px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/image-2-1024x567.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/image-2-300x166.png 300w, https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/image-2-768x425.png 768w, https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/image-2-488x270.png 488w, https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/image-2-1038x576.png 1038w, https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/image-2.png 1113w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p> For all of the details, you can <a href=\"https:\/\/allendowney.github.io\/ThinkBayes2\/redline_pymc.html?highlight=red+line\">read the Jupyter notebook<\/a> or <a href=\"https:\/\/colab.research.google.com\/github\/AllenDowney\/ThinkBayes2\/blob\/master\/examples\/redline_pymc.ipynb\">run it on Colab<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/allendowney.blogspot.com\/2013\/05\/the-red-line-problem.html\">original Red Line Problem<\/a> is based on a student project from my Bayesian Statistics class at Olin College, way back in Spring 2013.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Yesterday I presented a webinar for PyMC Labs where I solved one of the exercises from Think Bayes, called &#8220;The Red Line Problem&#8221;. Here&#8217;s the scenario: The Red Line is a subway that connects Cambridge and Boston, Massachusetts. When I was working in Cambridge I took the Red Line from Kendall Square to South Station and caught the commuter rail to Needham. During rush hour Red Line trains run every 7-8 minutes, on average. When I arrived at the subway&#8230;<\/p>\n<p class=\"read-more\"><a class=\"btn btn-default\" href=\"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2024\/07\/25\/wheres-my-train\/\"> Read More<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">  Read More<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1344","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Where&#039;s My Train? - Probably Overthinking It<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2024\/07\/25\/wheres-my-train\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Where&#039;s My Train? - Probably Overthinking It\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Yesterday I presented a webinar for PyMC Labs where I solved one of the exercises from Think Bayes, called &#8220;The Red Line Problem&#8221;. 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It\u2019s a common source of confusion, an\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"dartboard\"","block_context":{"text":"dartboard","link":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/tag\/dartboard\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/darts2-1.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/darts2-1.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/darts2-1.png?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/darts2-1.png?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1173,"url":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2024\/01\/04\/the-center-moves-faster-than-you\/","url_meta":{"origin":1344,"position":1},"title":"The Center Moves Faster Than You","author":"AllenDowney","date":"January 4, 2024","format":false,"excerpt":"In May 2022, Elon Musk tweeted this cartoon: The creator of the cartoon, Colin Wright, explained it like this: At the outset, I stand happily beside 'my fellow liberal,' who is slightly to my left. In 2012 he sprints to the left, dragging out the left end of the political\u2026","rel":"","context":"Similar post","block_context":{"text":"Similar post","link":""},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/image-3.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/image-3.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/01\/image-3.png?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x"},"classes":[]},{"id":373,"url":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2020\/01\/05\/young-christians-are-less-religious-than-the-previous-generation\/","url_meta":{"origin":1344,"position":2},"title":"Young Christians are less religious than the previous generation","author":"AllenDowney","date":"January 5, 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"This is the first in a series of articles where I use data from the General Social Survey (GSS) to explore Differences in beliefs and attitudes between Christians and people with no religious affiliation (\"Nones\"),Generational differences between younger and older Christians, andGenerational differences between younger and older Nones. On several\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"age period cohort analysis\"","block_context":{"text":"age period cohort analysis","link":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/tag\/age-period-cohort-analysis\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/generation_by_year.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/generation_by_year.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/generation_by_year.png?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/generation_by_year.png?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1686,"url":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2025\/12\/26\/the-raven-paradox\/","url_meta":{"origin":1344,"position":3},"title":"The Raven Paradox","author":"AllenDowney","date":"December 26, 2025","format":false,"excerpt":"Suppose you are not sure whether all ravens are black. If you see a white raven, that clearly refutes the hypothesis. And if you see a black raven, that supports the hypothesis in the sense that it increases our confidence, maybe slightly. But what if you see a red apple\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"bayesianism\"","block_context":{"text":"bayesianism","link":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/tag\/bayesianism\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/3f8f1dc012592d11ac19f20c5698984fc6134a93c7eeec35c1ba1aed5913a1a2.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":972,"url":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2023\/07\/08\/backlash-of-homophobia\/","url_meta":{"origin":1344,"position":4},"title":"Backlash of Homophobia?","author":"AllenDowney","date":"July 8, 2023","format":false,"excerpt":"Last week I published an excerpt from Probably Overthinking It that showed a long-term decline in homophobic responses to questions in the General Social Survey, starting around 1990 and continuing in the most recent data. Then I heard from a friend that Gallup published an article just a few weeks\u2026","rel":"","context":"Similar post","block_context":{"text":"Similar post","link":""},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/lowess-1.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/lowess-1.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/lowess-1.png?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x"},"classes":[]},{"id":590,"url":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2021\/05\/01\/simpsons-paradox-and-education\/","url_meta":{"origin":1344,"position":5},"title":"Simpson&#8217;s Paradox and Education","author":"AllenDowney","date":"May 1, 2021","format":false,"excerpt":"Is Simpson's paradox a mathematical curiosity or something that matters in practice? To answer this question, I'm searching the General Social Survey (GSS) for examples. Last week I published the first batch, examples where we group people by decade of birth and plot their opinions over time. 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