{"id":267,"date":"2019-08-06T13:45:49","date_gmt":"2019-08-06T13:45:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/?p=267"},"modified":"2019-08-06T13:45:49","modified_gmt":"2019-08-06T13:45:49","slug":"left-right-part-4","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2019\/08\/06\/left-right-part-4\/","title":{"rendered":"Left, right, part 4"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2019\/07\/26\/right-left-apart-together\/\">In the first article in this series,<\/a> I looked at data from the General Social Survey (GSS) to see how political alignment in the U.S. has changed, on the axis from conservative to liberal, over the last 50 years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2019\/07\/27\/left-right-part-2\/\">In the second article<\/a>, I suggested that self-reported political alignment could be misleading.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2019\/08\/01\/left-right-part-3\/\">In the third article<\/a> I looked at responses to this question:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>Do you think most people would try to take advantage of you if they got a chance, or would they try to be fair?<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>And generated seven &#8220;headlines&#8221; to describe the results.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In this article, we&#8217;ll use resampling to see how much the results depend on random sampling.  And we&#8217;ll see which headlines hold up and which might be overinterpretation of noise.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Overall trends<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In the previous article we looked at this figure, which was generated by resampling the GSS data and computing a smooth curve through the annual averages. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/image.png\" alt=\"This image has an empty alt attribute; its file name is image.png\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p> If we run the resampling process two more times, we get somewhat different results:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"424\" height=\"280\" src=\"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/image-2.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-269\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/image-2.png 424w, https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/image-2-300x198.png 300w, https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/image-2-409x270.png 409w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 424px) 100vw, 424px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"424\" height=\"280\" src=\"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/image-3.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-270\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/image-3.png 424w, https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/image-3-300x198.png 300w, https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/image-3-409x270.png 409w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 424px) 100vw, 424px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Now, let&#8217;s review the headlines from the previous article.  Looking at different versions of the figure, which conclusions do you think are reliable? <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Absolute value: &#8220;Most respondents think people try to be fair.&#8221;<\/li><li>Rate of change: &#8220;Belief in fairness is falling.&#8221;<\/li><li>Change in rate: &#8220;Belief in fairness is falling, but might be leveling off.&#8221;<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>In my opinion, the three figures are qualitatively similar.  The shapes of the curves are somewhat different, but the headlines we wrote could apply to any of them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Even the tentative conclusion, &#8220;might be leveling off&#8221;, holds up to varying degrees in all three.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Grouped by political alignment<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>When we group by political alignment, we have fewer samples in each group, so the results are noisier and our headlines are more tentative.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Here&#8217;s the figure from the previous article:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/image-1.png\" alt=\"This image has an empty alt attribute; its file name is image-1.png\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>And here are two more figures generated by random resampling:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"424\" height=\"280\" src=\"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/image-4.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-271\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/image-4.png 424w, https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/image-4-300x198.png 300w, https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/image-4-409x270.png 409w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 424px) 100vw, 424px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"424\" height=\"280\" src=\"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/image-5.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-272\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/image-5.png 424w, https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/image-5-300x198.png 300w, https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/image-5-409x270.png 409w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 424px) 100vw, 424px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Now we see more qualitative differences between the figures.  Let&#8217;s review the headlines again:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Absolute value: &#8220;Moderates have the bleakest outlook; Conservatives and Liberals are more optimistic.&#8221;  This seems to be true in all three figures, although the size of the gap varies substantially.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Rate of change: &#8220;Belief in fairness is declining in all groups, but Conservatives are declining fastest.&#8221;  This headline is more questionable.  In one version of the figure, belief is increasing among Liberals.  And it&#8217;s not at all clear the the decline is fastest among Conservatives.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Change in rate: &#8220;The Liberal outlook was declining, but it leveled off in 1990.&#8221;  The Liberal outlook might have leveled off, or even turned around, but we could not say with any confidence that 1990 was a turning point.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li> Change in rate: &#8220;Liberals, who had the bleakest outlook in the 1980s, are now the most optimistic&#8221;.  It&#8217;s not clear whether Liberals have the most optimistic outlook in the most recent data.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>As we should expect, conclusions based on smaller sample sizes are less reliable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Also, conclusions about absolute values are more reliable than conclusions about rates, which are more reliable than conclusions about changes in rates.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In the first article in this series, I looked at data from the General Social Survey (GSS) to see how political alignment in the U.S. has changed, on the axis from conservative to liberal, over the last 50 years. In the second article, I suggested that self-reported political alignment could be misleading. In the third article I looked at responses to this question: Do you think most people would try to take advantage of you if they got a chance,&#8230;<\/p>\n<p class=\"read-more\"><a class=\"btn btn-default\" href=\"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2019\/08\/06\/left-right-part-4\/\"> Read More<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">  Read More<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[1],"tags":[4,29,16,28],"class_list":["post-267","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-data-science","tag-politics","tag-python","tag-statistics"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Left, right, part 4 - Probably Overthinking It<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2019\/08\/06\/left-right-part-4\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Left, right, part 4 - Probably Overthinking It\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"In the first article in this series, I looked at data from the General Social Survey (GSS) to see how political alignment in the U.S. has changed, on the axis from conservative to liberal, over the last 50 years. In the second article, I suggested that self-reported political alignment could be misleading. In the third article I looked at responses to this question: Do you think most people would try to take advantage of you if they got a chance,... Read More Read More\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2019\/08\/06\/left-right-part-4\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Probably Overthinking It\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2019-08-06T13:45:49+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/image.png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"AllenDowney\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@AllenDowney\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@AllenDowney\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"AllenDowney\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2019\/08\/06\/left-right-part-4\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2019\/08\/06\/left-right-part-4\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"AllenDowney\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/4e5bfb2e9af6c3446cb0031a7bf83207\"},\"headline\":\"Left, right, part 4\",\"datePublished\":\"2019-08-06T13:45:49+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2019\/08\/06\/left-right-part-4\/\"},\"wordCount\":513,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2019\/08\/06\/left-right-part-4\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/image.png\",\"keywords\":[\"data science\",\"politics\",\"python\",\"statistics\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2019\/08\/06\/left-right-part-4\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2019\/08\/06\/left-right-part-4\/\",\"name\":\"Left, right, part 4 - Probably Overthinking It\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2019\/08\/06\/left-right-part-4\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2019\/08\/06\/left-right-part-4\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/image.png\",\"datePublished\":\"2019-08-06T13:45:49+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2019\/08\/06\/left-right-part-4\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2019\/08\/06\/left-right-part-4\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2019\/08\/06\/left-right-part-4\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/image.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/image.png\",\"width\":424,\"height\":280},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2019\/08\/06\/left-right-part-4\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Left, right, part 4\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/\",\"name\":\"Probably Overthinking It\",\"description\":\"Data science, Bayesian Statistics, and other ideas\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Probably Overthinking It\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/probably_logo.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/probably_logo.png\",\"width\":714,\"height\":784,\"caption\":\"Probably Overthinking It\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/x.com\/AllenDowney\",\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/allendowney\/\",\"https:\/\/bsky.app\/profile\/allendowney.bsky.social\"]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/4e5bfb2e9af6c3446cb0031a7bf83207\",\"name\":\"AllenDowney\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/fb01b3a7f7190bea1bbf7f0852e686c2f8c03b099222df2ce4bc7926f15bcb43?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/fb01b3a7f7190bea1bbf7f0852e686c2f8c03b099222df2ce4bc7926f15bcb43?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"AllenDowney\"},\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/author\/allendowney_6dbrc4\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Left, right, part 4 - Probably Overthinking It","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2019\/08\/06\/left-right-part-4\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Left, right, part 4 - Probably Overthinking It","og_description":"In the first article in this series, I looked at data from the General Social Survey (GSS) to see how political alignment in the U.S. has changed, on the axis from conservative to liberal, over the last 50 years. In the second article, I suggested that self-reported political alignment could be misleading. In the third article I looked at responses to this question: Do you think most people would try to take advantage of you if they got a chance,... Read More Read More","og_url":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2019\/08\/06\/left-right-part-4\/","og_site_name":"Probably Overthinking It","article_published_time":"2019-08-06T13:45:49+00:00","og_image":[{"url":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/image.png","type":"","width":"","height":""}],"author":"AllenDowney","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_creator":"@AllenDowney","twitter_site":"@AllenDowney","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"AllenDowney","Est. reading time":"3 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2019\/08\/06\/left-right-part-4\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2019\/08\/06\/left-right-part-4\/"},"author":{"name":"AllenDowney","@id":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/4e5bfb2e9af6c3446cb0031a7bf83207"},"headline":"Left, right, part 4","datePublished":"2019-08-06T13:45:49+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2019\/08\/06\/left-right-part-4\/"},"wordCount":513,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2019\/08\/06\/left-right-part-4\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/image.png","keywords":["data science","politics","python","statistics"],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2019\/08\/06\/left-right-part-4\/","url":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2019\/08\/06\/left-right-part-4\/","name":"Left, right, part 4 - Probably Overthinking It","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2019\/08\/06\/left-right-part-4\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2019\/08\/06\/left-right-part-4\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/image.png","datePublished":"2019-08-06T13:45:49+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2019\/08\/06\/left-right-part-4\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2019\/08\/06\/left-right-part-4\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2019\/08\/06\/left-right-part-4\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/image.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/image.png","width":424,"height":280},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2019\/08\/06\/left-right-part-4\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Left, right, part 4"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/","name":"Probably Overthinking It","description":"Data science, Bayesian Statistics, and other ideas","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/#organization","name":"Probably Overthinking It","url":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/probably_logo.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/probably_logo.png","width":714,"height":784,"caption":"Probably Overthinking It"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/x.com\/AllenDowney","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/allendowney\/","https:\/\/bsky.app\/profile\/allendowney.bsky.social"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/4e5bfb2e9af6c3446cb0031a7bf83207","name":"AllenDowney","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/fb01b3a7f7190bea1bbf7f0852e686c2f8c03b099222df2ce4bc7926f15bcb43?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/fb01b3a7f7190bea1bbf7f0852e686c2f8c03b099222df2ce4bc7926f15bcb43?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"AllenDowney"},"url":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/author\/allendowney_6dbrc4\/"}]}},"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":259,"url":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2019\/08\/01\/left-right-part-3\/","url_meta":{"origin":267,"position":0},"title":"Left, right, part 3","author":"AllenDowney","date":"August 1, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"In the first article in this series, I looked at data from the General Social Survey (GSS) to see how political alignment in the U.S. has changed, on the axis from conservative to liberal, over the last 50 years. In the second article, I suggested that self-reported political alignment could\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"general social survey\"","block_context":{"text":"general social survey","link":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/tag\/general-social-survey\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/image-1.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":1221,"url":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2024\/02\/11\/the-political-gender-gap-is-not-growing\/","url_meta":{"origin":267,"position":1},"title":"The Political Gender Gap is Not Growing","author":"AllenDowney","date":"February 11, 2024","format":false,"excerpt":"In a previous article, I used data from the General Social Survey (GSS) to see if there is a growing gender gap among young people in political alignment, party affiliation, or political attitudes. So far, the answer is no. Young women are more likely than men to say they are\u2026","rel":"","context":"Similar post","block_context":{"text":"Similar post","link":""},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/ft_ideology_gap_us.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":252,"url":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2019\/07\/27\/left-right-part-2\/","url_meta":{"origin":267,"position":2},"title":"Left, right, part 2","author":"AllenDowney","date":"July 27, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"In the previous article, I looked at data from the General Social Survey (GSS) to see how political alignment in the U.S. has changed, on the axis from conservative to liberal, over the last 50 years. The GSS asks respondents where they place themselves on a 7-point scale from \"extremely\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"data science\"","block_context":{"text":"data science","link":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/tag\/data-science\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/image-8.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/image-8.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/image-8.png?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x"},"classes":[]},{"id":344,"url":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2019\/12\/03\/political-alignment-and-beliefs-about-homosexuality\/","url_meta":{"origin":267,"position":3},"title":"Political alignment and beliefs about homosexuality","author":"AllenDowney","date":"December 3, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"In the United States, beliefs and attitudes about homosexuality have changed drastically over the last 50 years. In 1972, 74% of U.S. residents thought sexual relations between two adults of the same sex were \"always wrong\", according to results from the General Social Survey (GSS). In 2018, that fraction was\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"general social survey\"","block_context":{"text":"general social survey","link":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/tag\/general-social-survey\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/image-3.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/image-3.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/image-3.png?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1465,"url":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2024\/12\/20\/political-alignment-and-outlook\/","url_meta":{"origin":267,"position":4},"title":"Political Alignment and Outlook","author":"AllenDowney","date":"December 20, 2024","format":false,"excerpt":"This is the fourth in a series of excerpts from Elements of Data Science, now available from Lulu.com and online booksellers. It's from Chapter 15, which is part of the political alignment case study. You can read the complete chapter here, or run the Jupyter notebook on Colab. In the\u2026","rel":"","context":"Similar post","block_context":{"text":"Similar post","link":""},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/c66dd4e209513c6b52923f0279d558dc7cf98d7002a9608170da7c0372146851.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":243,"url":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2019\/07\/26\/right-left-apart-together\/","url_meta":{"origin":267,"position":5},"title":"Right, left, apart, together?","author":"AllenDowney","date":"July 26, 2019","format":false,"excerpt":"Is the United States getting more conservative? With the rise of the alt-right, Republican control of Congress, and the election of Donald Trump, it might seem so. Or is the country getting more liberal? With the 2015 Supreme Court decision supporting same-sex marriage, the incremental legalization of marijuana, and recent\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"general social survey\"","block_context":{"text":"general social survey","link":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/tag\/general-social-survey\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/image-4.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/267","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=267"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/267\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":274,"href":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/267\/revisions\/274"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=267"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=267"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=267"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}