{"id":418,"date":"2020-01-24T14:16:59","date_gmt":"2020-01-24T14:16:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/?p=418"},"modified":"2026-10-11T00:08:54","modified_gmt":"2026-10-11T00:08:54","slug":"among-u-s-college-students-religious-attendance-is-at-an-all-time-low","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2020\/01\/24\/among-u-s-college-students-religious-attendance-is-at-an-all-time-low\/","title":{"rendered":"Among U.S. college students, religious attendance is at an all-time low"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

[UPDATE: The most recent version of this article is here.<\/a>]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the last 30 years, college students have become much less religious. The fraction who say they have no religious affiliation tripled, from about 10% to 30%. And the fraction who say they have attended a religious service in the last year fell from more than 85% to less than 70%.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I’ve been following this trend for a while, using data from the CIRP Freshman Survey<\/a>, which has surveyed a large sample of entering college students since 1966.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The most recently published data is from “97,753 first-time, full-time students who entered 147 U.S. colleges and universities of varying selectivity and type in the fall of 2018.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Of course, college students are not a representative sample of the U.S. population. And as rates of college attendance have increased, they represent a different slice of the population over time. Nevertheless, surveying young adults over a long interval provides an early view of trends in the general population.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Religious preference<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Among other questions, the Freshman Survey asks students to select their \u201ccurrent religious preference\u201d from a list of seventeen common religions, \u201cOther religion,\u201d “Atheist”, “Agnostic”, or \u201cNone.\u201d  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The options “Atheist” and “Agnostic” were added in 2015.  For consistency over time, I compare the “Nones” from previous years with the sum of “None”, “Atheist” and “Agnostic” since 2015.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The following figure shows the fraction of Nones from 1969, when the question was added, to 2018, the most recent data available.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[UPDATE: This figure contained an error. Please see the most recent update of this article for the correct data.]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Attendance<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The survey also asks students how often they \u201cattended a religious service\u201d in the last year. The choices are \u201cFrequently,\u201d \u201cOccasionally,\u201d and \u201cNot at all.\u201d Respondents are instructed to select \u201cOccasionally\u201d if they attended one or more times, so a wedding or a funeral would do it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The following figure shows the fraction of students who reported any religious attendance in the last year, starting in 1968. I discarded a data point from 1966 that seems unlikely to be correct (66%).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Percentage of students who reported attending a religious service in the previous year.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

About 68% of incoming college students said they attended a religious service in the last year, an all-time low in the history of the survey, and down more 20 percentage points from the peak.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In contrast with the fraction of Nones, this curve is on trend, with no sign of slowing down.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In previous years I have also reported on the gender gap in religious affiliation and attendance, but the data are not available yet. I will update when they are.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Data Source<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The American Freshman: National Norms Fall 2018<\/em>
Stolzenberg, Eagan, Romo, Tamargo, Aragon, Luedke, and Kang,
Higher Education Research Institute, UCLA, December 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This and all previous reports are available from the HERI publications page<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This topic is part of my book in progress, You Would Choose Now<\/a>, which uses decades of survey data to track changing attitudes in the United States. The early access edition is available now.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

[UPDATE: The most recent version of this article is here.] In the last 30 years, college students have become much less religious. The fraction who say they have no religious affiliation tripled, from about 10% to 30%. And the fraction who say they have attended a religious service in the last year fell from more than 85% to less than 70%. I’ve been following this trend for a while, using data from the CIRP Freshman Survey, which has surveyed a…<\/p>\n

Read More Read More<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[1],"tags":[22,62,21],"class_list":["post-418","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-college","tag-freshman-survey","tag-religion"],"yoast_head":"\nAmong U.S. college students, religious attendance is at an all-time low - Probably Overthinking It<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2020\/01\/24\/among-u-s-college-students-religious-attendance-is-at-an-all-time-low\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Among U.S. college students, religious attendance is at an all-time low - Probably Overthinking It\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"[UPDATE: The most recent version of this article is here.] In the last 30 years, college students have become much less religious. The fraction who say they have no religious affiliation tripled, from about 10% to 30%. And the fraction who say they have attended a religious service in the last year fell from more than 85% to less than 70%. I’ve been following this trend for a while, using data from the CIRP Freshman Survey, which has surveyed a... Read More Read More\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2020\/01\/24\/among-u-s-college-students-religious-attendance-is-at-an-all-time-low\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Probably Overthinking It\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2020-01-24T14:16:59+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-10-11T00:08:54+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/heri18.3-1.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1800\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1200\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"AllenDowney\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@AllenDowney\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@AllenDowney\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"AllenDowney\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"2 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.allendowney.com\\\/blog\\\/2020\\\/01\\\/24\\\/among-u-s-college-students-religious-attendance-is-at-an-all-time-low\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.allendowney.com\\\/blog\\\/2020\\\/01\\\/24\\\/among-u-s-college-students-religious-attendance-is-at-an-all-time-low\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"AllenDowney\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.allendowney.com\\\/blog\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/4e5bfb2e9af6c3446cb0031a7bf83207\"},\"headline\":\"Among U.S. college students, religious attendance is at an all-time low\",\"datePublished\":\"2020-01-24T14:16:59+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-10-11T00:08:54+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.allendowney.com\\\/blog\\\/2020\\\/01\\\/24\\\/among-u-s-college-students-religious-attendance-is-at-an-all-time-low\\\/\"},\"wordCount\":509,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.allendowney.com\\\/blog\\\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.allendowney.com\\\/blog\\\/2020\\\/01\\\/24\\\/among-u-s-college-students-religious-attendance-is-at-an-all-time-low\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.allendowney.com\\\/blog\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2020\\\/01\\\/heri18.3-1-1024x683.png\",\"keywords\":[\"college\",\"Freshman Survey\",\"religion\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.allendowney.com\\\/blog\\\/2020\\\/01\\\/24\\\/among-u-s-college-students-religious-attendance-is-at-an-all-time-low\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.allendowney.com\\\/blog\\\/2020\\\/01\\\/24\\\/among-u-s-college-students-religious-attendance-is-at-an-all-time-low\\\/\",\"name\":\"Among U.S. college students, religious attendance is at an all-time low - Probably Overthinking It\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.allendowney.com\\\/blog\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.allendowney.com\\\/blog\\\/2020\\\/01\\\/24\\\/among-u-s-college-students-religious-attendance-is-at-an-all-time-low\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.allendowney.com\\\/blog\\\/2020\\\/01\\\/24\\\/among-u-s-college-students-religious-attendance-is-at-an-all-time-low\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.allendowney.com\\\/blog\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2020\\\/01\\\/heri18.3-1-1024x683.png\",\"datePublished\":\"2020-01-24T14:16:59+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-10-11T00:08:54+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.allendowney.com\\\/blog\\\/2020\\\/01\\\/24\\\/among-u-s-college-students-religious-attendance-is-at-an-all-time-low\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.allendowney.com\\\/blog\\\/2020\\\/01\\\/24\\\/among-u-s-college-students-religious-attendance-is-at-an-all-time-low\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.allendowney.com\\\/blog\\\/2020\\\/01\\\/24\\\/among-u-s-college-students-religious-attendance-is-at-an-all-time-low\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.allendowney.com\\\/blog\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2020\\\/01\\\/heri18.3-1.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.allendowney.com\\\/blog\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2020\\\/01\\\/heri18.3-1.png\",\"width\":1800,\"height\":1200},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.allendowney.com\\\/blog\\\/2020\\\/01\\\/24\\\/among-u-s-college-students-religious-attendance-is-at-an-all-time-low\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.allendowney.com\\\/blog\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Among U.S. college students, religious attendance is at an all-time low\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.allendowney.com\\\/blog\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.allendowney.com\\\/blog\\\/\",\"name\":\"Probably Overthinking It\",\"description\":\"Data science, Bayesian Statistics, and other ideas\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.allendowney.com\\\/blog\\\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.allendowney.com\\\/blog\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.allendowney.com\\\/blog\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Probably Overthinking It\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.allendowney.com\\\/blog\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.allendowney.com\\\/blog\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.allendowney.com\\\/blog\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/03\\\/probably_logo.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.allendowney.com\\\/blog\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/03\\\/probably_logo.png\",\"width\":714,\"height\":784,\"caption\":\"Probably Overthinking It\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.allendowney.com\\\/blog\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/x.com\\\/AllenDowney\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.linkedin.com\\\/in\\\/allendowney\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/bsky.app\\\/profile\\\/allendowney.bsky.social\"]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.allendowney.com\\\/blog\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/4e5bfb2e9af6c3446cb0031a7bf83207\",\"name\":\"AllenDowney\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/fb01b3a7f7190bea1bbf7f0852e686c2f8c03b099222df2ce4bc7926f15bcb43?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/fb01b3a7f7190bea1bbf7f0852e686c2f8c03b099222df2ce4bc7926f15bcb43?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/secure.gravatar.com\\\/avatar\\\/fb01b3a7f7190bea1bbf7f0852e686c2f8c03b099222df2ce4bc7926f15bcb43?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"AllenDowney\"},\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.allendowney.com\\\/blog\\\/author\\\/allendowney_6dbrc4\\\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Among U.S. college students, religious attendance is at an all-time low - Probably Overthinking It","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2020\/01\/24\/among-u-s-college-students-religious-attendance-is-at-an-all-time-low\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Among U.S. college students, religious attendance is at an all-time low - Probably Overthinking It","og_description":"[UPDATE: The most recent version of this article is here.] In the last 30 years, college students have become much less religious. The fraction who say they have no religious affiliation tripled, from about 10% to 30%. And the fraction who say they have attended a religious service in the last year fell from more than 85% to less than 70%. I’ve been following this trend for a while, using data from the CIRP Freshman Survey, which has surveyed a... Read More Read More","og_url":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2020\/01\/24\/among-u-s-college-students-religious-attendance-is-at-an-all-time-low\/","og_site_name":"Probably Overthinking It","article_published_time":"2020-01-24T14:16:59+00:00","article_modified_time":"2026-10-11T00:08:54+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1800,"height":1200,"url":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/heri18.3-1.png","type":"image\/png"}],"author":"AllenDowney","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_creator":"@AllenDowney","twitter_site":"@AllenDowney","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"AllenDowney","Est. reading time":"2 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2020\/01\/24\/among-u-s-college-students-religious-attendance-is-at-an-all-time-low\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2020\/01\/24\/among-u-s-college-students-religious-attendance-is-at-an-all-time-low\/"},"author":{"name":"AllenDowney","@id":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/4e5bfb2e9af6c3446cb0031a7bf83207"},"headline":"Among U.S. college students, religious attendance is at an all-time low","datePublished":"2020-01-24T14:16:59+00:00","dateModified":"2026-10-11T00:08:54+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2020\/01\/24\/among-u-s-college-students-religious-attendance-is-at-an-all-time-low\/"},"wordCount":509,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2020\/01\/24\/among-u-s-college-students-religious-attendance-is-at-an-all-time-low\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/heri18.3-1-1024x683.png","keywords":["college","Freshman Survey","religion"],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2020\/01\/24\/among-u-s-college-students-religious-attendance-is-at-an-all-time-low\/","url":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2020\/01\/24\/among-u-s-college-students-religious-attendance-is-at-an-all-time-low\/","name":"Among U.S. college students, religious attendance is at an all-time low - Probably Overthinking It","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2020\/01\/24\/among-u-s-college-students-religious-attendance-is-at-an-all-time-low\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2020\/01\/24\/among-u-s-college-students-religious-attendance-is-at-an-all-time-low\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/heri18.3-1-1024x683.png","datePublished":"2020-01-24T14:16:59+00:00","dateModified":"2026-10-11T00:08:54+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2020\/01\/24\/among-u-s-college-students-religious-attendance-is-at-an-all-time-low\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2020\/01\/24\/among-u-s-college-students-religious-attendance-is-at-an-all-time-low\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2020\/01\/24\/among-u-s-college-students-religious-attendance-is-at-an-all-time-low\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/heri18.3-1.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/heri18.3-1.png","width":1800,"height":1200},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2020\/01\/24\/among-u-s-college-students-religious-attendance-is-at-an-all-time-low\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Among U.S. college students, religious attendance is at an all-time low"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/","name":"Probably Overthinking It","description":"Data science, Bayesian Statistics, and other ideas","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/#organization","name":"Probably Overthinking It","url":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/probably_logo.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/probably_logo.png","width":714,"height":784,"caption":"Probably Overthinking It"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/x.com\/AllenDowney","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/in\/allendowney\/","https:\/\/bsky.app\/profile\/allendowney.bsky.social"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/#\/schema\/person\/4e5bfb2e9af6c3446cb0031a7bf83207","name":"AllenDowney","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/fb01b3a7f7190bea1bbf7f0852e686c2f8c03b099222df2ce4bc7926f15bcb43?s=96&d=mm&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/fb01b3a7f7190bea1bbf7f0852e686c2f8c03b099222df2ce4bc7926f15bcb43?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/fb01b3a7f7190bea1bbf7f0852e686c2f8c03b099222df2ce4bc7926f15bcb43?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"AllenDowney"},"url":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/author\/allendowney_6dbrc4\/"}]}},"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/418","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=418"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/418\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1930,"href":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/418\/revisions\/1930"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=418"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=418"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=418"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}