{"id":839,"date":"2023-01-15T01:13:02","date_gmt":"2023-01-15T01:13:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/?p=839"},"modified":"2023-01-15T01:21:08","modified_gmt":"2023-01-15T01:21:08","slug":"finding-modes-and-antimodes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2023\/01\/15\/finding-modes-and-antimodes\/","title":{"rendered":"Finding modes and antimodes"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Here&#8217;s a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reddit.com\/r\/statistics\/comments\/10bm1k7\/q_how_can_i_find_the_least_frequent_value\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">question from Reddit<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>How can I find the least frequent value (antimode) between 2 modes in a bimodal distribution?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I&#8217;m only mildly self taught in anything in statistics so please be patient with my ignorance. I&#8217;ve found so little info on a Google search for &#8220;antimode&#8221; that I thought it was a word made up by the author of a random article.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Then I found one tiny mention on the Wikipedia page for &#8220;Multimodal distribution&#8221; but no citation or details beyond that it&#8217;s the least frequent value between modes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>What data do I need in order to find this number and what is the formula?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/towardsdatascience.com\/modelling-bimodal-distributions-with-multimode-in-r-94dbb884abc9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">This site<\/a> had a short mention of it and in their example listed:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mode A: 33.25836<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mode B: 71.55446<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Antimode: 55.06092<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But I can&#8217;t seem to reverse engineer it with just this data.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Here&#8217;s the reply I wrote:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>With continuous data, there is no off-the-shelf formula to compute modes or antimodes. You have to make some modeling decisions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>One option is to use <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kernel_density_estimation\">kernel density estimation<\/a> KDE. Adjust the parameters until, in your judgment, the result is a good representation of the distribution, and then you can read off maxima and minima.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/colab.research.google.com\/drive\/1g6xcdj93NXIqqwZGAJTG-iUIurDZmTbD?usp=sharing\">And here&#8217;s a notebook on Colab that shows what I mean.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If you are not familiar with KDE, <a href=\"https:\/\/mathisonian.github.io\/kde\/\">here&#8217;s a great animated explanation<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Here&#8217;s a question from Reddit: How can I find the least frequent value (antimode) between 2 modes in a bimodal distribution? I&#8217;m only mildly self taught in anything in statistics so please be patient with my ignorance. I&#8217;ve found so little info on a Google search for &#8220;antimode&#8221; that I thought it was a word made up by the author of a random article. Then I found one tiny mention on the Wikipedia page for &#8220;Multimodal distribution&#8221; but no citation&#8230;<\/p>\n<p class=\"read-more\"><a class=\"btn btn-default\" href=\"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2023\/01\/15\/finding-modes-and-antimodes\/\"> Read More<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">  Read More<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-839","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Finding modes and antimodes - Probably Overthinking It<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2023\/01\/15\/finding-modes-and-antimodes\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Finding modes and antimodes - Probably Overthinking It\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Here&#8217;s a question from Reddit: How can I find the least frequent value (antimode) between 2 modes in a bimodal distribution? I&#8217;m only mildly self taught in anything in statistics so please be patient with my ignorance. I&#8217;ve found so little info on a Google search for &#8220;antimode&#8221; that I thought it was a word made up by the author of a random article. Then I found one tiny mention on the Wikipedia page for &#8220;Multimodal distribution&#8221; but no citation... 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If you would like to receive infrequent notifications about the book (and possibly a discount), please sign up for this mailing list.This book\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"Gaussian\"","block_context":{"text":"Gaussian","link":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/tag\/gaussian\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/ansur_30_0.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":777,"url":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2022\/09\/05\/are-we-really-polarized\/","url_meta":{"origin":839,"position":1},"title":"Are we really polarized?","author":"AllenDowney","date":"September 5, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"I'm working on a book called Probably Overthinking It that is about using evidence and reason to answer questions and guide decision making. If you would like to get an occasional update about the book, please join my mailing list. I'm a little tired of hearing about how polarized we\u2026","rel":"","context":"Similar post","block_context":{"text":"Similar post","link":""},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/alignment4-scaled.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/alignment4-scaled.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/alignment4-scaled.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/alignment4-scaled.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/alignment4-scaled.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/alignment4-scaled.jpg?resize=1400%2C800&ssl=1 4x"},"classes":[]},{"id":664,"url":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2021\/08\/19\/covid-19-and-the-inspection-paradox\/","url_meta":{"origin":839,"position":2},"title":"COVID-19 and the Inspection Paradox","author":"AllenDowney","date":"August 19, 2021","format":false,"excerpt":"The inspection paradox (aka length-biased sampling) is one of my favorite topics, and it turns out to be useful in the fight against COVID-19. During the pandemic, you have probably heard about about the effective reproduction number, R, which is the average number of people infected by each infected person.\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"inspection paradox\"","block_context":{"text":"inspection paradox","link":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/tag\/inspection-paradox\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":569,"url":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2021\/04\/25\/bayesian-and-frequentist-results-are-not-the-same-ever\/","url_meta":{"origin":839,"position":3},"title":"Bayesian and frequentist results are not the same, ever","author":"AllenDowney","date":"April 25, 2021","format":false,"excerpt":"I often hear people say that the results from Bayesian methods are the same as the results from frequentist methods, at least under certain conditions. And sometimes it even comes from people who understand Bayesian methods. Today I saw this tweet from Julia Rohrer: \"Running a Bayesian multi-membership multi-level probit\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"bayesian\"","block_context":{"text":"bayesian","link":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/tag\/bayesian\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":1163,"url":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2023\/12\/29\/how-many-books\/","url_meta":{"origin":839,"position":4},"title":"How Many Books?","author":"AllenDowney","date":"December 29, 2023","format":false,"excerpt":"If you like this article, you can read more about this kind of Bayesian analysis in Think Bayes. Recently I found a copy of Probably Overthinking It at a local bookstore and posted a picture on Twitter. Aubrey Clayton replied with this question: It's a great question with what turns\u2026","rel":"","context":"Similar post","block_context":{"text":"Similar post","link":""},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/image-11.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/image-11.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/image-11.png?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x"},"classes":[]},{"id":442,"url":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2020\/04\/13\/bayesian-hypothesis-testing\/","url_meta":{"origin":839,"position":5},"title":"Bayesian hypothesis testing","author":"AllenDowney","date":"April 13, 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"I have mixed feelings about Bayesian hypothesis testing. On the positive side, it's better than null-hypothesis significance testing (NHST). 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