{"id":883,"date":"2023-03-20T18:56:27","date_gmt":"2023-03-20T18:56:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/?p=883"},"modified":"2023-03-20T20:35:48","modified_gmt":"2023-03-20T20:35:48","slug":"the-bayesian-killer-app","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2023\/03\/20\/the-bayesian-killer-app\/","title":{"rendered":"The Bayesian Killer App"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>It&#8217;s been a while since anyone said &#8220;killer app&#8221; without irony, so let me remind you that a killer app is software &#8220;so necessary or desirable that it proves the core value of some larger technology,&#8221; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Killer_application\">quoth Wikipedia<\/a>. For example, most people didn&#8217;t have much use for the internet until the world wide web was populated with useful content and the first generation of browsers made it easy to access.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>So what is the Bayesian killer app? That is, for people who don&#8217;t know much about Bayesian methods, what&#8217;s the application that demonstrates their core value? I have a nomination: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thompson_sampling\">Thompson sampling<\/a>, also known as the Bayesian bandit strategy, which is the foundation of Bayesian A\/B testing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I&#8217;ve been writing and teaching about Bayesian methods for a while, and Thompson sampling is the destination that provides the shortest path from Bayes&#8217;s Theorem to a practical, useful method that is meaningfully better than the more familiar alternative, hypothesis testing in general and Student&#8217;s <em>t<\/em> test in particular.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>So what does that path look like? Well, funny you should ask, because I presented my answer last November as a <a href=\"https:\/\/global2022.pydata.org\/cfp\/talk\/LRRXLV\/\">tutorial at PyData Global 2022<\/a>, and the video has just been posted:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/fsdbneHgi58?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=en-US&#038;autohide=2&#038;start=228&#038;wmode=transparent\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>VIDEO HERE<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/allendowney.github.io\/BayesianDecisionAnalysis\/\">The materials for the tutorial &#8212; including the slides and Jupyter notebooks &#8212; are in this repository.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>And if you like the tutorial, you&#8217;ll love the game: here are the instructions for <a href=\"https:\/\/allendowney.github.io\/TheShakes\/\">a game I designed that uses dice to implement Thompson sampling<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Abstract<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This tutorial is a hands-on introduction to Bayesian Decision Analysis (BDA), which is a framework for using probability to guide decision-making under uncertainty. I start with Bayes\u2019s Theorem, which is the foundation of Bayesian statistics, and work toward the Bayesian bandit strategy, which is used for A\/B testing, medical tests, and related applications. For each step, I provide a Jupyter notebook where you can run Python code and work on exercises. In addition to the bandit strategy, I summarize two other applications of BDA, optimal bidding and deriving a decision rule. Finally, I suggest resources you can use to learn more.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Outline<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Problem statement: A\/B testing, medical tests, and the Bayesian bandit problem<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Prerequisites and goals<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bayes\u2019s theorem and the five urn problem<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Using Pandas to represent a PMF<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Estimating proportions<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>From belief to strategy<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Implementing and testing Thompson sampling<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>More generally: two other examples of BDA<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Resources and next steps<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Prerequisites<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For this tutorial, you should be familiar with Python at an intermediate level. We\u2019ll use NumPy, SciPy, and Pandas, but I\u2019ll explain what you need to know as we go. You should be familiar with basic probability, but you don\u2019t need to know anything about Bayesian statistics. I provide Jupyter notebooks that run on Colab, so you don\u2019t have to install anything or prepare ahead of time. But you should be familiar with Jupyter notebooks.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>It&#8217;s been a while since anyone said &#8220;killer app&#8221; without irony, so let me remind you that a killer app is software &#8220;so necessary or desirable that it proves the core value of some larger technology,&#8221; quoth Wikipedia. For example, most people didn&#8217;t have much use for the internet until the world wide web was populated with useful content and the first generation of browsers made it easy to access. So what is the Bayesian killer app? That is, for&#8230;<\/p>\n<p class=\"read-more\"><a class=\"btn btn-default\" href=\"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2023\/03\/20\/the-bayesian-killer-app\/\"> Read More<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">  Read More<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-883","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>The Bayesian Killer App - Probably Overthinking It<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2023\/03\/20\/the-bayesian-killer-app\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The Bayesian Killer App - Probably Overthinking It\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"It&#8217;s been a while since anyone said &#8220;killer app&#8221; without irony, so let me remind you that a killer app is software &#8220;so necessary or desirable that it proves the core value of some larger technology,&#8221; quoth Wikipedia. For example, most people didn&#8217;t have much use for the internet until the world wide web was populated with useful content and the first generation of browsers made it easy to access. So what is the Bayesian killer app? That is, for... 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The video is available now. This workshop is based on the first session of the Applied Bayesian Modeling Workshop I teach along with my colleagues at PyMC Labs. If you would like to learn more, it\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"bayesian statistics\"","block_context":{"text":"bayesian statistics","link":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/tag\/bayesian-statistics\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/img.youtube.com\/vi\/PLGVZCDnMOq0qmerwB1eITnr5AfYRGm0DF\/0.jpg?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":569,"url":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2021\/04\/25\/bayesian-and-frequentist-results-are-not-the-same-ever\/","url_meta":{"origin":883,"position":1},"title":"Bayesian and frequentist results are not the same, ever","author":"AllenDowney","date":"April 25, 2021","format":false,"excerpt":"I often hear people say that the results from Bayesian methods are the same as the results from frequentist methods, at least under certain conditions. And sometimes it even comes from people who understand Bayesian methods. Today I saw this tweet from Julia Rohrer: \"Running a Bayesian multi-membership multi-level probit\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"bayesian\"","block_context":{"text":"bayesian","link":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/tag\/bayesian\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":609,"url":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2021\/05\/07\/founded-upon-an-error\/","url_meta":{"origin":883,"position":2},"title":"Founded Upon an Error","author":"AllenDowney","date":"May 7, 2021","format":false,"excerpt":"A recent post on Reddit asks, \"Why was Bayes' Theory not accepted\/popular historically until the late 20th century?\" Great question! As always, there are many answers to a question like this, and the good people of Reddit provide several. 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The example I presented is an updated version of\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"bayesian\"","block_context":{"text":"bayesian","link":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/tag\/bayesian\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"","width":0,"height":0},"classes":[]},{"id":1684,"url":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/2025\/12\/16\/sat-math-scores-gender-difference-or-selection-bias\/","url_meta":{"origin":883,"position":5},"title":"SAT math scores: gender difference or selection bias?","author":"AllenDowney","date":"December 16, 2025","format":false,"excerpt":"The video from my PyData Boston talk is up now: https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=6pwtbNVgyzg Resources The slides are here Run the first notebook (Poincar\u00e9 problem) on Colab Run the second notebook (analysis of SAT data) on Colab If you want to learn to do this kind of analysis, you can sign up for\u2026","rel":"","context":"In \"bayesian statistics\"","block_context":{"text":"bayesian statistics","link":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/tag\/bayesian-statistics\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/img.youtube.com\/vi\/6pwtbNVgyzg\/0.jpg?resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/883","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=883"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/883\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":899,"href":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/883\/revisions\/899"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=883"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=883"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.allendowney.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=883"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}